{"id":27391,"date":"2023-08-09T08:07:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T12:07:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theicct.org\/?p=27391"},"modified":"2023-08-20T21:29:11","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T01:29:11","slug":"china-is-propelling-its-electric-truck-market-aug23","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theicct.org\/china-is-propelling-its-electric-truck-market-aug23\/","title":{"rendered":"China is propelling its electric truck market by embracing battery swapping"},"content":{"rendered":"

C<\/span>hina<\/span> is widely known as the world\u2019s <\/span><\/span>largest market<\/span><\/span><\/a> f<\/span>or<\/span> electric cars and buses, but <\/span>did you <\/span>know that <\/span>it\u2019<\/span>s<\/span> al<\/span>so leading <\/span>in <\/span>the<\/span> race to electric trucks<\/span>?<\/span> In<\/span>deed, <\/span>based on data from EV-<\/span>v<\/span>olumes<\/span>.com<\/span>, <\/span>in<\/span> 2022, <\/span>China sold <\/span>36,000<\/span> electric trucks, <\/span>91<\/span>% of the global total. <\/span>And n<\/span>o<\/span> country <\/span>except China <\/span>has<\/span> ever <\/span>sold more than <\/span>1<\/span>,<\/span>000<\/span> new electric trucks in a single year<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In recent years, <\/span>China gradually shift<\/span>ed<\/span> its <\/span>vehicle-electrification <\/span>policy <\/span>efforts<\/span> to trucks, which <\/span>are responsible for<\/span> a <\/span><\/span>disproportionate share<\/span><\/span><\/a> of <\/span>nitrogen oxides (<\/span>NO<\/span><\/span>x<\/span><\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>particulate matter (<\/span>PM<\/span>)<\/span>, and <\/span>carbon dioxide (<\/span>CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span>) <\/span>emissions in the nation\u2019s vehicle fleet. <\/span>Besides<\/span> <\/span>various <\/span>fiscal and non-fiscal <\/span>incentives<\/span><\/span><\/a> offered <\/span>to electric <\/span>trucks, <\/span>support for <\/span>battery swapping <\/span>is <\/span>play<\/span>ing<\/span> a<\/span> key<\/span> role<\/span>. <\/span>T<\/span>he<\/span> C<\/span>hinese<\/span> national <\/span>government <\/span>and <\/span>several <\/span>local governments have encouraged battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping technology <\/span>since <\/span>20<\/span>20<\/span> and the share of swap<\/span>-ca<\/span>pable vehicles in China\u2019s electric truck sales has been increasing. In 2022, <\/span><\/span>49.5%<\/span><\/span><\/a> of <\/span>the <\/span>electric truck<\/span>s sold<\/span> in China were <\/span>swap<\/span>-ca<\/span>pable<\/span>.<\/span> These swap-capable electric <\/span>trucks<\/span> are <\/span>mainly <\/span>used<\/span> for short-haul applications at ports, mining sites, and in urban <\/span>logistics<\/span>. They are typically equipped with a 141 kWh or 282 kWh battery and have a typical one-way trip length of less than <\/span>100 km<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Compared with today\u2019s plug-in charging<\/span> technologies, t<\/span>he key advantage of battery swapping<\/span> is<\/span> the <\/span>short time<\/span> required<\/span> to recharge. <\/span>With plug-in charging, i<\/span>t usually takes 40 minutes <\/span>with <\/span>DC fast charg<\/span>ing<\/span> or <\/span>several<\/span> hours<\/span> via <\/span>regular charg<\/span>ing to recharge an electric truck<\/span>.<\/span> In contrast, <\/span>battery swapping only takes <\/span>3<\/span>\u2013<\/span>6<\/span> minutes. Thi<\/span>s<\/span> speed <\/span>can be appealing for truck owners <\/span>bec<\/span>a<\/span>u<\/span>s<\/span>e<\/span> trucks<\/span> are<\/span> used for commercial purposes<\/span>;<\/span> faster <\/span>charging<\/span> leaves more time<\/span> to deliver goods and <\/span>generate<\/span> profits<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To<\/span> collect firsthand information<\/span>,<\/span> we <\/span>visited several <\/span>battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping stations <\/span>for electric <\/span>trucks <\/span>in China<\/span> this summer<\/span>.<\/span> We saw that<\/span> e<\/span>lectric trucks <\/span>usually <\/span>pull<\/span>ed<\/span> into the battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping station with a<\/span> battery<\/span> state of charge (SOC) <\/span>of<\/span> 20%<\/span>\u2013<\/span>30%. A robotic arm reach<\/span>es<\/span> down from above, take<\/span>s<\/span> out the depleted batteries<\/span>\u2014these <\/span>weigh <\/span>approximately <\/span>3 tons<\/span> and <\/span>are stored behind the driver\u2019s cab<\/span>\u2014<\/span>and put<\/span>s<\/span> them into storage<\/span> for re<\/span>charging<\/span>. Then the robotic arm take<\/span>s<\/span> out fully charged batteries <\/span>store<\/span>d by the station<\/span> and insert<\/span>s<\/span> them<\/span> into the vehicle<\/span>. A<\/span>fter <\/span>that, <\/span>the vehicle<\/span> can <\/span>drive away<\/span> and return to operation<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

On the left, a battery-swapping station in Hainan province used by electric concrete mixers and on the right, a station in Shaanxi province used by electric tractor-trailers. Photos by Tianlin Niu.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The battery-swapping station<\/span>s<\/span> we visited typically <\/span>store<\/span> seven batteries. <\/span>Depleted<\/span> batteries <\/span>swapped from <\/span>vehicles<\/span> are charged using DC fast chargers and <\/span>recall <\/span>that <\/span>these <\/span>need about 40 minutes to get fully <\/span>re<\/span>charged. By the <\/span>time<\/span> all seven batteries are swapped and the eighth vehicle comes to the station, the first swapped battery has completed recharging and can be used to swap the depleted battery of the eighth vehicle.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Though b<\/span>attery swapping<\/span> is<\/span> gaining in <\/span>popular<\/span>ity<\/span> in China<\/span> today<\/span>, <\/span>there are still some hurdles to clear<\/span> before <\/span>it<\/span> become<\/span>s<\/span> widely<\/span> commercialized<\/span>. <\/span>The first is a <\/span>lack of standardization of batteries. <\/span>B<\/span>atteries <\/span>produ<\/span>ced by different <\/span>manufacturer<\/span>s<\/span> can <\/span>vary <\/span>in <\/span>shape, size, <\/span>and<\/span> how they <\/span>are <\/span>connect<\/span>ed with<\/span> vehicle<\/span>s<\/span>. Thus, <\/span>at present, <\/span>truck<\/span> drivers <\/span>can only <\/span>swap batteries <\/span>at certain<\/span> battery-<\/span>swapping stations<\/span> that can meet their needs<\/span>. <\/span>Next is <\/span>high<\/span> cost. <\/span>B<\/span>ased on our interviews with station owners, <\/span>s<\/span>etting up<\/span> a battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping station costs <\/span>around <\/span><\/span>\u00a5<\/span><\/span>7<\/span>\u2013<\/span>8<\/span> million (~US$1<\/span>\u2013<\/span>1.1<\/span> million) today<\/span>;<\/span> h<\/span>alf of the cost <\/span>is <\/span>the batteries stored in the station <\/span>and <\/span>the other half comes from equipment, cables, and transformers.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In October 2021, t<\/span>he<\/span> Chinese national government <\/span>initiated<\/span> a <\/span><\/span>two-year pilot program<\/span><\/span><\/a> to promote<\/span> battery swapping. <\/span>Eleven <\/span>cities were selected as the first batch of pilot cities, <\/span>and <\/span>three <\/span>of <\/span>the<\/span>m<\/span> are expected to fully focus on<\/span> swap<\/span>-ca<\/span>p<\/span>able<\/span> truck applications<\/span>.<\/span> T<\/span>he other eight cities <\/span>are expected to <\/span>demonstrate<\/span> battery swapping on both electric cars and trucks. The <\/span>program<\/span> aims to put at least 100,000 swap<\/span>-ca<\/span>p<\/span>able<\/span> electric vehicles on the road and build at least 1,000 battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping stations. <\/span>As mentioned above, s<\/span>ome Chinese provinces and cities <\/span>are <\/span>also <\/span>using their own <\/span>fund<\/span>s<\/span> to subsidize the construction of battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping stations. Hainan province, for example, <\/span>provides<\/span> subsidies <\/span>equal<\/span> to <\/span><\/span>15%<\/span><\/span><\/a> of the total construction cost of <\/span>a <\/span>battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping station.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

With <\/span>this <\/span>strong<\/span> policy support, <\/span>it\u2019s<\/span> likely <\/span>we<\/span>\u2019ll<\/span> see more swap<\/span>-ca<\/span>p<\/span>able<\/span> truck<\/span>s and battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping stations <\/span>deployed <\/span>in China in the coming years. <\/span>At the same time<\/span>, <\/span>China <\/span>is <\/span>not <\/span>putting <\/span>all of<\/span> its proverbial eggs in the<\/span> battery<\/span>–<\/span>swapping<\/span> basket<\/span>. <\/span>Indeed, <\/span>it\u2019<\/span>s<\/span> among the <\/span>markets that <\/span>are<\/span> most actively developing<\/span> ultra-fast (i.e.<\/span>,<\/span> megawatt-level) plug-in charging technologies<\/span>, <\/span>as <\/span>evidenced<\/span> by<\/span> the <\/span><\/span>Chaoji<\/span> standard<\/span><\/span><\/a> that<\/span> China is<\/span> developing in collaboration with Japan. <\/span>A<\/span>s<\/span> the<\/span> largest truck market <\/span>and also<\/span> the <\/span>largest <\/span>electric truck market in the world, China\u2019s <\/span>engagement with<\/span> diverse<\/span> charging<\/span> solutions<\/span> will <\/span>provide<\/span> valuable <\/span>learning f<\/span>o<\/span>r<\/span> other markets<\/span> as they <\/span>seek<\/span> to <\/span>transition to electric trucks<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China is widely known as the world\u2019s largest market for electric cars and buses, but did you know that it\u2019s also leading in the race to electric trucks?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":27372,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[241],"tags":[],"region":[21],"series":[],"sector":[166],"policies":[162],"technology":[172],"decarbonizing":[],"partnership":[],"class_list":["post-27391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","region-china","sector-heavy-vehicles","policies-electrification","technology-batteries-fuel-cells"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChina is propelling its electric truck market by embracing battery swapping - 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